Documented Properties of Elemental Matter

Densities of the Elements

This Table is a collection of the densities of viscous elemental matter (@ 273 K) according to the sources listed below:

Element Z SMR HME SDB ELE MSH CEH CRC comments
units: kg/m³
Deuterium1N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (169⁽²⁾)
Helium2N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (214⁽²⁾)
Lithium3534534534535525.9530534
Beryllium418481850180018481821.318161850
Boron5N/A2340250024602297.423202340
Carbon6N/A2260230022602219.919502200⁽¹⁾
DiamondN/A3520N/AN/AN/AN/A3513
GraphiteN/A2230N/AN/AN/AN/A2230
Nitrogen7N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (1026.5⁽²⁾)
Oxygen8N/A14201330N/AN/AN/AN/AGas (710⁽²⁾)
FluorineN/AN/AN/A1700N/AN/AN/AN/AGas (1690⁽²⁾)
NeonN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (1444⁽²⁾)
Sodium119701275970968968.8970970
Magnesium1217401740174117381738.317401740
Aluminium1327002699270027002699.127002700
Silicon1423402330230023302325.124002329.6
Phosphorus15N/A1820180018231821.318201823
Sulphur16N/A2070207019602070.520462070
Chlorine17N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (2030⁽²⁾)
Argon18N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (1784⁽²⁾)
Potassium19860862860856858.1860890
Calcium2015401550154015501550.115501540
Scandium212990300030002985N/A25002990
Titanium2245004500454045074539.545004506
Vanadium2361006110610061106006.559606000
Chromium2471007200720071407196.871007150
Manganese2574007440744074707418.272007300
Iron2678707870787078747861.178607870
Cobalt2789008920890089008857.689008860
Nickel2889008908890089088912.989008900
Copper2989608940893089208968.389208960
Zinc3071407133714071407141.471407134
Gallium3159105907595059045978.9N/A5910
Germanium3253205320540053235314.5N/A5323.4
Arsenic3357275720573057275729.757275750
Selenium3447904790481048194816.348004809
Bromine35N/A312031003120N/A3119N/Aliquid
Krypton36N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (2155⁽²⁾)
Rubidium371530153215301532N/A15301530
Strontium382600260026002630N/AN/A2640
Yttrium394478447246004472N/A55104470
Zirconium4064906500650065116366.464006520
Niobium4186008570857085708580.8N/A8570
Molybdenum421020010220102001028010213.91020010200
Technetium43N/AN/A1140011500N/AN/A11000
Ruthenium4412200124501240012370N/A1220012100
Rhodium451240012410124401245012442.11250012400
Palladium461200012020120001202312013.11200012000
Silver471050010500105001049010490.71050010500
Cadmium4886408650865086508663.886508690
Indium4973007310731073107307.573007310
Tin5073007298730073107307.573107287
Antimony5166806618670066976615.566846680
Tellurium5262406240624062406228.062406232
Iodine53N/A493049404940N/A49304933
Xenon54N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (3640⁽²⁾)
Caesium551870189218701879N/A19001873
Barium5635003500360035103598.435003620
Lanthanum5761866166615061466117.361506150
Cerium5867506670680066896920.069006770
Praseodymium596782678068006640N/A65006770
Neodymium607004700069607010N/A69007010
Promethium61N/AN/AN/A7264N/AN/A7260
Samarium627536755075007353N/A77007520
Europium63N/A526052005244N/AN/A5240
Gadolinium6478957890790079017944.1N/A7900
Terbium658272827083008219N/AN/A8230
Dysprosium668536854085008551N/AN/A8550
Holmium678803880088008795N/AN/A8800
Erbium689051905090009066N/AN/A9070
Thulium699322933093009321N/AN/A9320
Ytterbium706977698070006570N/AN/A6900
Lutetium719842N/A98009841N/AN/A9840
Hafnium721310013090133001331013037.21210013300
Tantalum731660016600166001665016607.91660016400
Tungsten741930019300193201925019292.91930019300
Rhenium75210021040205002102021175.1N/A20800
Osmium762250022600224802259022503.82248022587
Iridium772240022650224202256022503.82240022562
Platinum782145021450214502109021451.92145021500
Gold791930019300193001930019320.61930019300
Mercury801354613546135901353513552.11354613533.6
Thallium8111850118501186011850118471185011800
Lead821168011350113401134011340.51133711300
Bismuth8398009800980097809798.798009790
Polonium84N/AN/A94009196N/AN/A9200
Astatine85N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≈7500⁽³⁾
Radon86N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AGas (6000⁽²⁾)
Francium87N/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A≈5200⁽³⁾
Radium8850005000500050004982.450005000≈6500⁽³⁾
Actinium89N/AN/A1010010070N/AN/A10000
Thorium901150011700115001172411680.91120011700
Protactinium91N/AN/A1540015370N/AN/AN/A
Uranium921905019040190501905019016.11848519100
Documented values for the density of elemental matter @ 273 K
Note: the above comments are CalQlata's own regarding the documented values for the element concerned

Fig 1 shows a good (reliable) match between the selected documented values for viscous matter (@ 273K):
The gaps in Fig 1 are for those elements that exist as a gas at 273K and ambient pressure. CalQlata lacks confidence in published values for these elements in a solid state.

Documented density values of elemental matter
Fig 1. Comparison of Documented Density Values

Gas Transition Temperature of the Elements

This Table is a collection of the boiling points of elemental matter according to the sources listed below:

Element Z SMR HME SDB MEH MSH CEH CRC comments
units: K
Deuterium1N/A51.620.420.420.320.320.271
Helium2N/A4.14.214.22N/A4.254.222
Lithium316151609159016071644.116091615
Beryllium427433243324327503044.130402741
Boron5N/A3143282040002821.928234273
Carbon6N/A5103510042755105.244734098sublimes ⁽¹⁾
DiamondN/A2273N/AN/AN/A4473N/Asublimes
GraphiteN/A5103N/AN/AN/A44734098sublimes
Nitrogen7N/A77.277.377.377.277.3577.355
Oxygen8N/A9090.290.29090.1590.188
Fluorine9N/AN/A85.0185N/A8685.04
Neon10N/A27.127.227.1N/A27.2527.104
Sodium1111561165116511551165.211531156.09
Magnesium121363138013801364138313831363
Aluminium1327932740274027502766.323292792
Silicon1435433151262835402588.628733538sublimes
Phosphorus15N/A553552553553553.15553.65
Sulphur16N/A717.75717.7718717.6717.75717.76
Chlorine17N/A239.3238.5239N/A238.4239.11
Argon18N/A87.387.487.2N/A87.387.302
Potassium1910321033104710321044.110331032
Calcium2017571693176017631713.614731757
Scandium213143300330003550N/A26733109caution
Titanium223558353335303565380832733560
Vanadium2336833273330036803271.932733680
Chromium2429532855275529502755.224732944
Manganese2523332423237023342421.921732334
Iron2631333273330031363010.832733134
Cobalt2732033173317031853821.931733200caution
Nickel2831883003300531903005.231733186
Copper2928332868286828452866.325732833
Zinc3011841180118011821179.111801180
Gallium3124782676267625002255.2N/A2502
Germanium3231033103310031102971.9N/A3106
Arsenic33889888886N/A883888889sublimes
Selenium34958958958958955.2961958
Bromine35N/A331.78331.9332N/A331.78331.95
Krypton36N/A117120.8119.8N/A121.35119.735
Rubidium37961961961964N/A973961
Strontium381648165716571650N/A14231650
Yttrium393573320032003610N/A27733618
Zirconium4046733853385146815271.931734679
Niobium4150135200520050203571.9N/A5014
Molybdenum4248835833583049005071.939734912caution
Technetium43N/AN/A49004550N/AN/A4535
Ruthenium444393517342004430N/A29734420
Rhodium4539734773400039804755.227733968caution
Palladium4632333173320032404255.224733236caution
Silver472436248324852435248322232435
Cadmium481040103810381040103810401040
Indium4923432273230023462271.917232300caution
Tin5025432543254028902544.125332859
Antimony5118631653165019051710.816531860
Tellurium5212611262.95126012611660.816631261
Iodine53N/A456457.4457N/A457.5457.55sublimes
Xenon54N/A166.05166164.9N/A164.05165.051
Caesium55943963960951N/A943944
Barium56240319131910N/A1910.814132118
Lanthanum5736933742374237154699.720733737caution
Cerium58370337413740N/A2688.616733716caution
Praseodymium593293340034003785N/AN/A3793
Neodymium603333330033003341N/AN/A3347
Promethium61N/AN/A30002730N/AN/A3273
Samarium622076217322002064N/AN/A2067
Europium63N/A171217121850N/AN/A1802
Gadolinium643273327330003540N/AN/A3546
Terbium652773307331003500N/AN/A3503
Dysprosium662903287329002855N/AN/A2840
Holmium672873287329002968N/AN/A2973
Erbium682873317332003135N/AN/A3141
Thulium692000200020002220N/AN/A2223
Ytterbium701700170017001467N/AN/A1469caution
Lutetium713600N/A36003668N/AN/A3675
Hafnium7248735673570048855644.135004873caution
Tantalum735643N/A569856405571.943735728caution
Tungsten7458286200620058906199.761735828
Rhenium7559636173590059206199.7N/A5863
Osmium7652735300490053005755.255735281
Iridium7746634773480047405588.650734701
Platinum784103407341004100N/A45734098
Gold7931333081323931303244.128733109
Mercury80630629.9629.7630630.2630.05629.769
Thallium8117461730173017451730.219231746
Lead8220232013201720252010.818932022
Bismuth8318371833183018381694.117231837caution
Polonium841238N/A1235N/AN/AN/A1235
Astatine85N/AN/A623N/AN/AN/AN/A
Radon86N/A211.35211.3211N/A211.15211.45
Francium87N/AN/A920N/AN/AN/AN/A
Radium881773127314101900N/A1413N/A
Actinium89N/AN/A34703475N/AN/A3473
Thorium9045634123450050674755.232735058
Protactinium91N/AN/A43004300N/AN/AN/A
Uranium9246704091409144224199.737734404caution
Documented values for the boiling point (temperature) of elemental matter
Note: the above comments are CalQlata's own regarding the documented values for the element concerned

Fig 2 shows a poor (unreliable) match between the selected documented values:

Documented boiling point values of elemental matter
Fig 2. Comparison of Documented Boiling Point Values

but it does reveal a recognisable pattern that follows elemental density.

Sources

The following is a list of the documentation sources from which the above data has been selected.

SMR: Smithell's Metals Reference Book; E A Brandes & G A Brook; Butterworth

HME: Handbook of Metal Etchants; Perrin Walker, William H. Tarn; CRC Press

SDB: Science Data Book; R M Tennent; Open University

MEH: Mechanical Engineer's Handbook; Myer Kutz; Wiley

ELE: The Elements; Theodore Gray & Nick Mann; Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers Inc.

MSH: Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers; Theodore Baumeister; McGraw Hill

CEH: Chemical Engineer's Handbook; Robert H Perry & Cecil H Chiltern; McGraw Hill

CRC: Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; W M Haynes; CRC Press

comments: CalQlata believes (rightly or wrongly) data provided in 'published books' may be more reliable than website sources, simply because, CalQlata also believes that greater care is taken over data verification.

Caution

The empirical measurements provided in the above Tables have been taken from numerous sources, all of which are claimed to be as a result of laboratory measurements, which are of course, subject to experimental error, such as;
1) Measurements taken using equipment that is not manufactured from the subject material.
2) Experiments not usually taken on a pure crystal of the subject material.
3) Experiments not necessarily carried out in a vacuum; e.g. no consideration is given to atmospheric pressure, which will affect theoretical (accurate) values boiling temperature.
4) Most documented values vary with all other documented values except - such as those on internet sites - where such values are simply copied without verification.
5) Documented values such as those highlighted in red⁽⁴⁾ are at best questionable.
6) Values for carbon, for example, are not always specified according to form; diamond, graphite, coke, etc.
7) The density of metals such as mercury that have been measured @ 300K in liquid form, meaning that its volumetric state will have given unrepresentative values.
8) The rare earth elements are of particular concern due to; a) the limited work performed on pure crystals of these elements due to the expense, and b) their variability.

Fig 3 shows the relationship between gas-transition temperature and density of all the natural elements:

Relationship between density and gas transition
Fig 3. Relationship Between Density and Gas Transition (temp)

For Example

The term "N/A" in the above Tables applies to both 'not applicable' for gaseous matter at 273K and also 'not available' where documented data is unavailable in the sources concerned.

The term 'caution' is applied to data deemed unreliable by CalQlata, for example the boiling point of Lanthanum; when five of the sources quote a value close to 3700K, the other two - neither of which supports the other - 2000K and 4700K must be deemed unreliable.

Notes

  1. the values for carbon are for amorphous matter. Diamond and graphite values are quoted thus: diamond density 3512 kg/m³ & boiling point 2273 K; graphite density 2260 kg/m³ & boiling point 5103 K
  2. Solid densities of elements that are gaseous at 273.15 K.
  3. 'Best-fit' estimate densities of elements that are currently unknown Fig 3.
  4. comment 'caution' is applied to elements the values of which appear unreliable to CalQlata; they may not, however, actually be incorrect.