The Classical Atom {© 10/01/2018}

This paper, which was released by Keith Dixon-Roche (one of CalQlata's Contributors) on the 10th of January 2018 explains why classical theory does not apply to electrons in an atom.

Note: All the input data in these calculations has been provided by CalQlata's Constants page.
All calculations are the sole copyright priority of Keith Dixon-Roche © 2018
Keith Dixon-Roche is also responsible for all the other web pages on this site related to atomic theory
A 'pdf' version of this paper can be found at: The Classical Atom - The Paper

Conclusions

This paper appears to show that the elliptical orbit predicted by classical theory does not apply to electrons in an atom and therefore disqualifies it for such calculations.

Premise

Devise a simple mathematical procedure using classical theory conjointly with Newton's and Coulomb's laws for force attraction/repulsion to describe the behaviour of electrons in an atom for all atomic and shell numbers.

The successful procedure must show it is possible to begin the calculation procedure with any shell and atomic number working though all motion, force and energy characteristics and return to the same shell and atomic numbers.

Constants & Formulas

Radius of electron shell 1: 5.2917721067E-11 m
Isaac Newton's gravitational constant: G = 6.67359232004332E-11 m³/kg/s²
Coulomb's constant: k = 8.98755184732667E+09 N.m²/C²
Elementary charge unit: Qₑ = -Qp = -1.60217648753000E-19 C
Ultimate density: ρ = 7.12660796350450E+16 kg/m³

Calculations

The levels of accuracy on this page have been set to assist CalQlata in its effort to ensure that the calculations are not approximations.
To this end, Calqlata has confirmed all constants used in these calculations via original formulas and indisputable data where possible.

Every part of every atom (from Z = 1 to Z = 92) has been fully analysed during the generation of the above paper.

All calculation formulas are provided in the Tables of Results (below)

Findings

The calculations in this paper are based upon classical theory developed by Johannes Robert Rydberg, Charles-Augustin de Coulomb and Isaac Newton.
They reveal a working model of the atom that is currently regarded as an accurate description of the behaviour of the sub-atomic particles in any atom.

The results listed in Tables of Results (below) provide the properties and characteristics of the electrons in the first five shells according to these theories. In reaching these results, all the associated properties for the first 92 elements in the periodic Table were calculated and the results found to be consistent.

However, there are a number of issues with the calculation results:

1) They assume that an electron's (and a proton's) electrostatic angular moment apply at the same centre as its mass, which is unlikely

2) The resultant eccentricity of 1.0 (straight-line) is incompatible with the electron orbital shape

3) If the eccentricities are indeed ellipses, they can only apply to electrons at their perigee

4) If the calculated eccentricities are correct, according to elliptical theory (b = a.√[1 - e²]) the apogee radii reduce with shell number ultimately becoming smaller than the perigee radius of shell 1 (e.g. Shell 6: 2.58899E-11)

5) It is clear from Coulomb's law (and Dalton's law) that electrons will distance themselves equally throughout an atomic structure, which can only be achieved with circular orbits

6) Shell radii calculated according to this theory appear not to comply with generally accepted atomic radii for most elements

Even if the [classical theory] calculations in their current form could be considered valid for an electron at its perigee, it is necessary to apply Newton's laws of motion for the rest of the orbit. But Newton's laws of motion show the electron orbit to be circular as is to be expected from numerous electron-microscope photographs.

It is therefore the conclusion of this paper that, with the exception of electron and proton separation (Tables 7a & 7b) Newton's 'laws of motion' must apply to electron behaviour in an atom (further work).

Tables of Results

Claims

Claim 1: The classical theory of electron behaviour in atoms is not correct

Claim 2: Newton’s ‘laws of motion’ should be used to evaluate the behaviour of electrons in atoms

Further Reading

Laws of Motion
Planetary Spin
Rydberg Atom
Planck Atom
Newton Atom

You will find further reading on this subject in reference publications^{(55, 60, 61 & 62)}